Pulse ratio control system



Dec. 28, 1965 J. w. FORRESTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 9 Sheets-sheet l DRIVE EQUIPMENT FOR X-AXIS 8 Y-AXIS lll/HHH HHHH/l MILLING IIANIIIE F lg. I

DRIVE EQUIPMENT a SYNGHRO RECEIVERS FOR Z-AXIS D I II E C T0 II Pom-:R suPPLY comRoLs coNmoL REmsTERs suMMlNG REGlsrEns a nEconERs FREOLENCY DIVID MANUAL DATA SLPPLY TAFE READER CLOCK OSCILLA CONTROL START-STOP 8 ALARM CONTROLS INVENTORS JAY W. FORRESTER WILLIAM IVI. PEASE JAMES O. MCDONOUGH ALFRED K. SUISSKIND Dec 28, 1965 J. w. FoRREsTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 INVENTORS RRESTER M. PEASE JAY W. FO WILLIAM JAMES O. MCDON ALFRED K. OUGH SUSSKIND um, MMM u., BY www,

Dec. 28, 1965 J, w, FoRREsTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet 5 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 I H H S D R WON i A mREOK m0 NESNS ETAOS w VSEDU. EP CS WR .M RM K O O. LIM DK .ASE WUER 1 Nimh JWJAMK Dec- 28. 1965 J. w. FORRESTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 9 Sheets-Sheet 4 NVENTORS JAY W. FORRESTER WILLIAM M. PEASE JAMES O. MCDONOUGH 7 ALFFLD K. s USSKlND w10, I BYZ 7 -/'fs De- 28, 1965 J. w. FoRREsTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet 5 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 J. w. FoRREsTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM Dec. 28, 1965 9 Sheets-Sheet 6 Original Filed Aug. 14

J. w. FoRRr-:sTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet '7 gd Aug. 14, 1952 Dec. 28, 1965 Original Fil Dec. 28, 1965 Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 INPUT TO FIRST TIME J. W. FORRESTER ETAL PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet 8 Fig. 8

NONCARRY OUTPUT OF FIRST FLIP-FLOR CARRY OUTPUT OF FIRST FLIPFLOP= INPUT TO SECOND FLIP-FLOP NO NOAR RY OUTPUT OF SECOND FLIP-FLOID CARRY OUTPUT OF SECOND FI |R-F| OR To START-STOP CIRCUIT TOTAL NONOARRY OUTPUT OF FREQ.

DIVIDER I SYNCHRO NIIING PULSES NONCARRY PULSES FROM FIRST STAGE L OF FREQ. DIVIDER I NONCARRY PULSES GCO FROM EN? STAGE OF FREQ. DIVIOER I (NONOARRY RULSES FROM ALL STAGES OF FREQ.O1\/.11 ANOCARRY FUESES FROM LAST ETAGE OF FREQOIVIOER D) GCI GCE

INVENTORS JAY W. FORRESTER WILLIAM M. PEASE @I 4222s@ K I DeC 23, 1965 J. W. FoRREsTER ETAL 3,226,677

PULSE RATIO CONTROL SYSTEM 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 d E055 .ammi 9 Sav:

Original Filed Aug. 14, 1952 INVENTORS JAY W. FORRESTER WILLIAM M. PEASE JAMES O. MCDONOUGH 7ALFA/ED K. SUSSKIND WN, MWI/v5 By Ams United States Patent O 3,226,677 PULSE RATI() CONTROL SYSTEM Jay W. Forrester, Concord, William M. Pease, Wellesley, and .laines 0. McDonough and Alfred K. Sussliind, Concord, Mass., assignors, by mesne assignments, to .lohn T. Parsons, Danville, lll.

Original appiication Aug. 14, 1952, Ser. No. 304,294, now Patent No. 3,669,608, dated Dec. 18, 1962. Divided and this application Dec. 14, 1962, Ser. No. 244,801

5 Claims. (Cl. 340-147) This invention relates to control systems and particularly to a novel method of and apparatus for controlling the operation of industrial appliances and processes such as machine tools and the like. Specifically, the present invention is a division of our copending application Serial No. 304,294, filed August 14, 1952, now U.S. Letters Patent No. 3,069,608.

The general purpose o-f the arrangement disclosed herein is to provide an improved control system which is especial-ly desirable for machining mathematically definable surfaces without resorting to the expensive practice of first constructing models or templates having better than the required accuracy of the finished work. In such use, the disclosed arrangement enables the machining or shaping of work which is not limited to lines parallel to the machine-feed directions but permits any cutting or shaping operation along any line skewed or inclined with respect to the machine-feed directions. No models or templates are required to perform the coordinated motions in the machine-feed directions and instead, formation for controlling the mach-ine may be stored in coded form on simple, convenient mediums such as punched paper tape, punched cards, magnetic tape, photographic film, et cetera. Electrical means is employed for interpreting the coded information and for transmitting the information in electr-ical form to the one or more moving operating parts of the controlled unit or machine. The result is that the control system or director may be located remote from the machine and be used not only to control one but several similar machines.

Although the disclosed arrangement is applicable to the control of the movement and positioning of one or more moving parts of various types of apparatus, it is especially applicable to the shaping or sculpturing of objects and particularly the machining of templates, forging dies, stretch form dies, air-foil sections, et cetera. Conventional die making and similar shaping processes are usually laborious, time consuming, painstaking operations requiring the production of checking templates, and final hand finishing to produce an accurate die. The disclosed arrangement eliminates the production of template and in most instances reduces the necessity for hand finishing of the die or other object worked on at the same time permitting smaller tolerances than those usually required by present day standards. The elimination of the tedious hand operations as well as the production of templates, considerably shorten the diemaking time.

An important object of the invention is to provide a control system in which a sequential series of pulse scaling elements, having la common input and individual outputs, is employed to provide a plurality of pulse trains of successively decreasing frequency at each scaling element output in inverse proportion to the number of scaling elements interposed between said input and an output. At least two series of output pulse train switch means are provided, each having a common output, with each switch means of said series having its input connected to one only of said scaling element outputs. There is also provided means for selectively operating each of said Output pulse Itrain switch means to a preselected condition, thereby providing substantially simultaneously and inde- ICC pendently from each of the outputs of said series of switch means a series of pulses decreased in frequency relative to the input pulses by a ratio established by the condition of said switch means in each of said series thereof.

A particular feature of the invention resides in the relatively simple, and hence inexpensive and trouble-free circuitry employed to develop the desired series of output pulses having selectively adjustable ratios relative to the input pulses.

Various other objects, advantages and meritorious features of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following specification, appended claims and accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. l is a general perspective view of a machine tool in the -form of a bridge type planer mill land a director unit for controlling the operation of the machine tool;

FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram in perspective of the machine .tool and its director unit and partially broken away to show the major components thereof and the interconnection therebetween;

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of the overall system of the invention for controlling the operating parts of a machine tool;

FIG. 4 is a partial block diagram of the control system or" the present invention;

FIG. 5 is the balance of the block diagram illustrated in FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of the clock system schematically illustrating the division of a cycle of pulses generated by a clock oscillator and the modulation thereof by manual or automatic control means;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view in perspective illustrating the automatic data supply system including the manner of reading coded information on punched tape and the distribution of such information to separate banks of storage control registers; j

FIG. 8 is a chart illustrating the pulse sequence provided by the initial frequency divider in the clock syst-em;

FIG. 9 is a chart illustrating the pulse sequence provided by the second frequency divider in the clock system;

FIG. l0 is a block diagram of the divider checking circuit;

FIG. ll is a plan view of a section of punched tape illustrating the arrangement of holes in two adjacent information blocks.

Although the control system of the present invention is applicable to other uses, it is herein described as applied to and combined with an industrial machine and specifically a machine tool. A machine tool numerically controlled by the system is designed to serve a function which is not available in existing types of such machines. It differs from standard machine tools in that directions of cuts are not limited in lines parallel to the machinefeed directions, but as a result of a positive coordination F among the several feed mechanisms it is possible to cut along a line inclined or skewed with respect to the feed directions built into the machine. Moreover, such a machine tool differs from contour directed machine tools in that no models or templates are required to perform the coordinated motions in the several directions in which the machine is capable of operating.

The control instructions fed to the machine by the control system may be set in either manually or automatically by means of a control unit referred to as the director. The automatic instructions may be set into the machine on an information storing medium such as punched paper tape, magnetic tape, punched cards, photographic film, et cetera. These instructions are specifications of straighline segments. By suitable coding of the data storing medium, such as punched tape, any curved line within the capabilities of the machine tool can be machined or cut by approximating the curved line by a series of straight-line segments. In addition, instructions to the machine may be set in manually at the director. This may be accomplished by means of a plurality of banks of switches which through circuits inform the machine how far it must travel in each vcoordinatedirectionV and the machine acts upon these instructions to produce a straight-line motion for the specified interval.

FIG. 1 shows a conceptual arrangement of a machine tool and its director. The machine tool illustrated in FIG. l and subsequently discussed hereinafter is an example of how this invention may be applied. It is not limited to machines of this character. The illustrated machine tool is a bridge type of planer mill and is generally indicated at 10. The director for the machine tool is generally indicated at 12 and may be located near the machine tool or remote therefrom.

The particular machine tool illustrated herein has three operating axes functioning in planes perpendicular to one another in order to provide relative movement between the work and the shaping or cutting tool. These axes are referred to respectively as the X, Y and Z axes. The X axis in the illustrated embodiment of the invention is utilized to drive a table 14 upon which the work is placed and to move the table relatively horizontally to and from on a bed 16 having la pair of parallel ways or guide channels 18-18 of conventional design for this purpose. The Y axis is utilized to drive a part of the machine referred to as the rail 20 in a vertical path above the table 14. The rail is mounted for vertical travel on an inverted generally U-shaped column 22 which is acustomary feature of the bridge type of planer mill. Carried on the rail 20 is a head 24 from which depends a shaping tool whichrrnay be a cutter 26. The third axis Z is utilized to drive the head 24 in a to and fro direction along the rail 20 cross-wise to the table 14.

YSeparate drive equipment is provided for moving the table 14, rail 20, and the head 24 as shown in FIG. 2,'1. these drive mechanisms may be housed in separate units indicated respectively at 28, 30 and 32. However, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the drive equipment for the table and the rail may be housed in a single unit indicated at 34 at one side of the column 22. Each drive equipment vfor the separate axes of lthe machine tool is preferably a power operated servo-mechanism of the character hereinafter described.

The various component parts of the director 12 may be incorporated into a single unit as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 and located either adjacent to the machine or remote therefrom. The director is electrically connected to the servo drive mechanisms of the machine tool by electric conduits as illustrated in FIG. 2. Separate electrical control channels lead from the director to each of these drive mechanisms, the one for the table drive equipment being indicated at 36; the one for the rail equipment being indicated at 38; and the one for the head drive equipment being indicated at 4th. It is understood that the director 12 may be provided with similar sets of control channels 36, 38 and ttl for controlling one or more additional machine tools.

The director 12 of the control system is subdivided into a plurality of components which are electrically coupled together for decoding and furnishing command information-to the power servo-mechanisms housed in the units 28, 30 and 32, for comparing the resulting operation of the moving part of the machine against the command information furnished thereto, and for checking the components and for indicating any malfunction in the control system. Referring to FIG. 2, the director 12 is broken away to show schematically such components as a clock system 42, an automatic data supply system 44 including a reader 46 for sensing stored information such as on punched tape, a manual data supply system 48, and as many pulse converting servomechanisms as there are machine drive axes on the machine such as the three units 50, 52 and 54, referred to as pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms, which separately control the machine drive servomotor units Z8, 3@ and 32 respectively as illustrated by the cornmunicating channels 36, 33 and Ydi) between the director and the milling machine.

The director unit 12 is provided with a front panel as shown in FIG. 1 upon which various control and indicating elements are preferably visibly mounted for actuation and observation by the operator. Such control and indicating elements are schematically shown in FIG. 1. The front panel of the director may be sub-divided into panel sections fronting the different components of the director therewithin. For example, one panel section 56 may contain a start and stop control member 53 and associated alarm controls mounted adjacent thereto. Another panel section, such as that indicated at 60, may contain means for manually feeding data into the system including a plurality of toggle switches e2 disposed on the panel section in accessible position. The means for automatically supplying data into the control system, such as the tape reader 46, may be mounted in the director with the front panel section removed in order to render it accessible to use. A front panel section 64 may be provided with a control member 66 for varying the frequency of a pulse generating clock oscillator. Other front panel sections of the director may be provided with power supply controls such as indicated at 68 `and 70, and with indicating elements 72 associated with summing registers and decoders. All the component parts of the director may be housed in one or more units adjacent to the machine controlled thereby, or they may be separately located from one another and the machine.

FIG. 3 is a simplified block diagram of the control system for a machine tool showing the connections of the major functional elements thereof. For purpose of clarity, a brief reference to the simplified block diagram will show a panel 74 referred to as the central control which Vfunctions to start :and stop the machine, check signals supplied by the directing elements of the systemy and as later pointed out hereinafter for indicating any malfunctioning of the machine to the operator. The central control isA electrically connected to the clock system 42 previously mentioned which serves as the primary pulse sounce for the operation of the machine. Included in the clock system as hereinafter described is means for dividing the pulses emitted by the clock system. One set of divided pulses from the clock system is furnished by channel 78 to both the automatic data supply system 44 with which the tape reader 46 or other form of sensing mechanism for reading stored information is associated to the manual data supply system 4g which, as shown in the block diagram of FlG. 3, is disposed in relatively parallel relationship to the automatic data supply system. Another divided set of pulses from the clock systemA 42 is conveyed by channel 8d for synchronizing the operation of the puls-e-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms in the manner hereinafter described.

The function of the data supply systems 44 and 4S is to convert the instructions either manually applied or automatically furnished on coded tape into controlling signals capable of adjusting or modulating the -pulses generated by the clock system in accordance with the instructions received. The resulting adjusted pulses are used as command pulses for controlling the moving parts.

of the machine with which the director is associated, such as the pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms 5t), 52 and 54 of the machine illustrated herein. These servo-mechanisms in turn furnish synchro data to the machine drive servomotors 28, 3d and 32 which as previously described control the moving parts 14, 2t) and 24 of the machine tool. Return circuit channels may be provided as indicated in dotted lines at 82, 84 and 36 for the purpose of signalling the data supply system 44 tostop the flow of command pulses in the event of any malfunction preventing proper responses. The checking signals furnished by the channels 82, 84 and S6 are conveyed to the central control '74 as indicated by the extensions of the dotted lines to that element. Inaddition, a return line 88 may be provided which connects the Y axis machine driven servo-mechanism 26 with the central control 74 to furnish a command signal for retracting the cutter under circumstances preventing the stopping of the machine under control.

As herein illustrated, the three power servo-motbrs 28; 30 and 32 perform the function of positioning the shaping tool or cutter 26 with respect to the workpiece on the machine table 14. In terms of the bridge-type of the planer mill being considered herein, it is understood from the previous description that one servomotor, such as the unit 28, `positions the table in the longitudinal direction; that a second servomotor, such as the unit 36, positions the rail 20 in a vertical direction with respect to the table; 'and the third servomotor, such as the unit 32, positions the shaping or cutting tool 26 in the transverse (cross feed) direction of the machine. It is understood that the power units or machine drive servomotors are capable of accomplishing their positioning functions in the presence of cutting force reactions of considerable magnitude.

Group relation of functional components of control system The general assemblage o f the major components of the control system has been heretofore described in connection with FIGS. 1, 2 and 3. There follows a more completely integrated charted representation of the control system and showing its application to one of the pulsecode-to-analog servo-mechanisms and the machine drive ervomotor associated therewith. FIGS. 4 and 5 together illustrate a more comprehensive block diagram of the control system showing the functional components of the system and the interconnections therebetween including control and checking channels as well as the main signal channels. Referring particularly to FIGS. 4 and 5, it is noted Athat FIG. 5 is a continuatin of the block diagram of FIG. 4 and shows the interconnection of one pulse-code- `'to-analog servo-mechanism and the power servomechanism controlled thereby with the command, checking and control circuits of FIG. 4. The pulse-to-code-to-a'nalog servo-mechanism selected for illustrative purposes Ais the one controlling motions along the X coordinate of the machine, namely, servo-mechanism 5t). 'The machine drive servo-mechanism 2S is operatively associated there with and as 'previously described controls the movement `of the machine table 14. It is understood, as shown by the separate command pulse channels leading from the Adata supply system 44 in FIG. 3 that the two remaining servo-mechanisms 52 and 54 and their respective servomotors are similarly operatively connected to the command, checking and control 'circuits of FIG. 4.

The component systems of the'director hereinabove described in connection with FIG. 3 are shown `in more 'detail in FIGS. 4 and 5. The box outlines forthe components in FIG. 3 are employed in FIGS. 4 and 5 but in larger scale and with more particularity. rThe central 'control panel 74, the clock system 42, the automatic data supply system 44, and the manualdata supply system 4u are represented by separate boxes in the block diagram of 'FIG.`4. Similarly, the pulse-code-to-analog servo-mecha- 'nism 50 and its associated power servomotor 28 are shown Vin box outline in FIG. 5.

The several systems illustrated in FIG. 4 are interconnected byA command, checking ar'idcon'trol circuits as indicated by the various channels running Yfrom one to 'the other. The central control panel 74 contains control machine and to select either the manual or automatic data supply systems for operation. Electric signal lamps are also provided for identifying any malfunctioning of the machine to the operator.

The clock system 42 includes a clock oscillator 90 which serves as the primary pulse source for the operation of the control system. Also included in the cloclr system are two frequency dividers or pulse distributors, 92 and 94. These are referred to as the irst frequency divider 92 and the second frequency divider 94. It will be noted in FIG. 4 that the clock system has other operating elements, several of which are interposed between the two frequency dividers. These operating elements comprise a start-stop circuit 95, a clock cycle control 98, and a divider check circuit 100. The main signal channel is directed from the clock oscillator through the initial or first frequency divider 92, thence through the start-stop circuit 96 and the clock cycle control 98 to the second frequency divider 94. The design and function of the newly cited operating elements of the clock system are described in detail hereinafter.

The clock oscillator 90 generates a series of pulses which are usually delivered regularly spaced in time. These pulses are sent out to the rst frequency divider 92 and thereafter some of these pulses are delivered to the second frequency divider 94. Each pulse generated by the clock oscillator potentially represents an instruction 'to move a part of the machine one unit of distance. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention not every pulse is used as an instruction for moving a controlled element. Usually only a relatively small number of pulses generated within a prescribed time are utilized as command pulses as hereinafter described. Since each pulse characterizes a movement of one unit of distance, the oscillator frequency of the pulses may be viewed as a distance per unit of time or as a velocity. The pulse frequency generated by the clock oscillator 9% may be set to correspond to a velocity preferably slightly in excess of the maximum feed rate of the machine under control.

The clock oscillator 90 is regulated by the control element 66 on the central control panel '74. The purpose of 'this control element is to obtain variable feed rates for ythe movable parts of the machine tool. For this purpose, the clock oscillator may be made continuously variable over two bands. One band of adjustment covers live hundred to twenty-ve hundred pulses per second and the other band covers one thousand to tive thousand pulses per second. Each pulse generated by the clock oscillator 90 may be of any form but preferably is half sinusoidal and the duration may be ten micro-seconds at its base. vThe pulses generated by the clock oscillator are conveyed by channel 164 to the first frequency divider 92.

In general, the function of the first frequency divider 92 in the clock system is to divide the pulses received from the clock oscillator, sending certain synchronizing pulses out on the channel to the pulse-code-to-analog servomechanisms and on a channel 106 to the divider check circuit 196), and the remaining pulses to frequency divider 94. Pulses conveyed to frequency divider 94 are potential command pulses for governing the action of the pulsecodeto-analog servo-mechanisms.

The potential command pulses furnished by the first frequency divider 92 are delivered along the channel 108 in the clock system to the unit referred to as th-e startstop circuit 96. In general, the function of the start-stop Vcircuit is'to control the flow of potential commandpulses to the clock cycle control unit 98. When the machine is ready to operate, a signal conveyed over channel 1165 from the control panel 74 to the start-stop circuit allows the flow of pulses on channel 108 to go to the clock cycle control along channel 112. When the machine is to be stopped, a signal from the control panel 74 to the startstop circuit will shut off the tlow of pulses from channel 108 to channel 112.

In general, the function of the clock cycle control unit 98 in the clock system is to adjust the duration of one clock cycle to the length of the cut desired in one machine cycle. The machine is preferably provided With a choice of `a plurality of xed clock cycles anywhere between a maximum duration at the nominal clock cycle rate and a minimum duration of considerable shorter time. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the machine has a choice of eight lixed clock cycles between 2 seconds and 256 seconds in duration. The purpose of providing a plurality of xed clock cycles is in order to be able to adjust the cycle time long enough to do a particular operation and thus conserve time. For example, the clock cycle'control unit may provide a relatively long cycle time for making one long straight line cut fnom a single block of data on the tape. For making shorter cuts,'the clock cycle unit may provide a short cycle time so that the machine does not consume the maximum clock time allotted, such as 256 seconds.

The second frequency divider 94 in the clock system receives its pulses from the clock cycle control over channel 114, and functions to generate on separate lines, a pattern of pulses which, in accordance with settings in the automatic or manual data supply system, may or may not be used as command pulses for the pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms. Those pulses which are used for command purposes are transmitted over channel 78 to the automatic and manual data supply systems. Frequency divider 94 also generates an end carry pulse which signifies the en-d of a clock cycle. This last pulse is returned Vby the channel 116 to the clock cycle control 98 `and thence from there along channel 118 to the automatic data supply system 44 where ashereinafter described it will signal the tape reader or other data sensing means to advance and read the next successive instruction on the tape.

In general, the divider checking circuit 100 in the clock system functions to check the second frequency divider 94 and the second stage of the rst frequency divider 92. It serves to guard against the loss of a possible command pulse and, hence, against integration errors in converting rate commands t-o position commands. If in checking these frequency dividers, the checking circuit 100 determines there is an unaccounted or missing pulse, it will send out an `alarm pulse over channel 120 to the start-stop circuit causing the latter to stop the ow of potential cornmand pulses over channel 112. The two frequency dividers 92 and 94 may be considered together to form a single binary frequency divider of various stages, depending of the clock cycle control.

The automatic data supply system 44 as diagrammatically shown in FIG. 4 comprises the tape reader 46, a data distributor 122, a command data converter unit 124 containing banks of information storage registers as hereinafter described, and a manual-automatic control unit 126 from which command pulses are delivered to the channel 128. Since in the block diagrams of FIGS. 4 and 5 the control system is shown as governing the action of the pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanism 50 for the X or table axis and its associated power `servomotor 28, FIG. 5 illustrates these two component parts of the system and the delivery of command pulses thereto by way of channel 128. It is understood that the two remaining pulse-codeto-analog servo-mechanisms 52 and 54 and their respective servomotors 30 and 32 are similarly controlled from the data supply systems.

The function of the tape reader 46 or other device for sensing coded information is to convert information st-ored on tape to a form acceptable to the data distributor 122 and the data converter 124 for each axis of the machine. The reader scans the machine orders on the information 4storage medium, such as the punched holes in the tape, and converts the pattern of coded information into pulses transmitted simultaneously over a selected combination of output lines over channel 130 and leading from the tape reader to the data distributor 122.

The lprimary function of the data distributor 122 in the automatic data supply system is to route or distribute the tape reader signals representing successive lines of tape data over channel 132 to the command data converter unit 124, where the corresponding digits of the machine control orders are stored. Its secondary functions are to control the tape reader so that the proper number of lines are read from the tape at the proper times, and to signal the control circuits of the panel 74 in the event of certain errors arising in the automatic data supply system.

The function of the command data converter unit 124 is to control the transmission of the proper number of control-register pulses to the separate pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms 5t), 52 and 54. In the control system is shown as applied to the servo-mechanism 59 for actuating the table 14 of the machine t-ool along the X axis. The command data converter unit contains two sets or banks of alternately operable registers for each coordinate axis of the controlled machine. The pulses desired from either bank of registers, whichever is in operation during a particular clock cycle, are transmitted over channel 134 to a manual-automatic control unit 126.

The function of the manual-automatic control unit 126 is to determine the source of command pulses for the selected pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanism. The control unit 126 is actuated to feed pulses from either the manual or automatic data supply systems 44 and 48 by means of a signal sent over channel 136 from the central control panel 74. The manual-automatic control unit 126 may include three relays, one for each axis. These relays may be arranged -so that when de-energized the pulses from the manual data supply system are furnished to the selected servo-mechanism and when energized by a s1gnal on channel 136 the relays connect channel 134 to one or more pulse converting servo-mechanisms 50, 52 and 54.

The manual supply data system 48 includes a command data converter unit 138 which functions similarly to the data converter unit 124 to gate the desired pulse rates from channel 78 over which the pulses from frequency divider 94 are transmitted. The manual command data converter may comprise the bank of switches 62 previously described in connection with FIG. 1. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, eighteen manually operated toggle switches are employed in the bank which will accommodate command orders having seventeen binary digits and the directional sense digit of either a plus or a minus sign. As in the case of automatic data command converter unit 124, the three command numbers for the separate axes of the machine represent the position increment in each axis necessary to move the machine from its present position to a new position.

Each pulse-codeto-analog servo-mechanism of the illustrated embodiment of the invention comprises as shown in the block diagram of FIG. 5 an electrically and mechanically connected group of units referred to as a summing register 140, a decoder 142, an amplifier servomotor 144, a synchro-transmitter 146, and interconnecting servo gearing 148 between the servomotor and the synchrotransmitter. In addition, each pulse-code-to-analog servomechanism includes a feed-back mechanism schematically shown in FIG. 5 as a position coder 150 and a position code converter 152. Although the servomotor of the unit 144 may be directly connected to the element or machine part under control, in the illustrated embodiment of the invention each pulse-code-to-analog servomechanism operates through a machine drive servo-mechanism, such as shown in block outline Vin the lower portion of FIG. 5. i

Each machine drive Yservo-mechanism is shown in the present form of the invention as comprising a synchro receiver 154, an amplifier and servomotor 156, and machine feed gearing 158 connecting the servomotor with the controlled part of the machine. Inaddition, each machine drive servo-mechanism includes machine data gearing generally indicated at 160 and limit stops charac- 9 terized by the box outline at 162. Synchronizing data is transmitted between the pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanism and its associated machine drive servo-mechanism over a channel 164.

It is to be noted that command pulses delivered over channel 128 from the automatic data supply system 44 are directed to the summing register 140 where they are compared against response pulses arising out of the position code converter 152. The channel 80 over which synchronizing pulses are sent from the first frequency divider 92 is connected to both the position code converter 152 and the position coder 150.

Clock system and control registers FIG. 6 illustrates a simplified schematic block diagram of the operating relation between the clock system and the control registers of the data supply system and is intended to illustrate how the instructions, whether recorded on storage medium, such as punched tape and the like, or manually operated, are converted into a series of pulses which serve as the input to controlled elements such as the servo-mechanisms 50, v52 and 54. The basic parts of this operating relationship are embodied in four principal units: the master or clock oscillator 96 forming part of the clock system 42 described iu connection with FIG. 4; the pulse distributor generally referred to as the rst frequency divider 92; the pulse distributor generally referred to as the second frequency divider 94; a pulse modulator for each axis of the machine schematically represented in FlG. 6 by dotted outlined boxes 166, 167 and 168; and mechanism for reading the stored information such as the tape reader 46. Except for the tape reader or other means for sensing the stored information, the basic elements of this relation are shown in FIG. 6.

As previously described the clock oscillator generates a series of pulses, some of which are separated by frequency divider 92 and delivered to channel 811 as synchronizing pulsesand the balance of which are delivered over channel 114 to the second frequency divider 94. The latter pulses are potential command pulses.

The first frequency divider 92 may consist of two standard electronic flip-flop devices 170 and 171, each supplying pulses on separate lines when a change of state occurs. The iirst flip-flop 170 is triggered by every output pulse from the oscillator and the second Hip-flop 171 is triggered when the Iirst iiip-flop changes from a 1 to a 0. Pulses which are generated when a iiip-liop changes from a state to the 1 state may be considered as non-carry pulses and those which occur when a iiip-flop switches from l to 0 may be designated as carry pulses.

In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, two standard flip-hops are used in frequency divider 92. Noncarry impulses from each flip-flop are sent out over channels 80 and 442 to the divider-checking circuit 1110 and to the position coding devices yof each pulse controlled servo-mechanism as hereinafter described. Carry pulses vfrom the first flip-iiop 170 trigger the second flip-flop 171. Carry pulses from the second flip-iiop are sent out on channels 108, 112 and 114 to the second frequency divider 94 as potential command pulses. FIG. 8 graphically illustrates the pulse division occurring in frequency .divider 92 and particularly the timing of the pulses following the condition when both flip-Hops are in the 0 state. Odd-numbered impulses. from the clock oscillator become non-carry pulses from the first flip-flop 170. Evenynumbered pulses from the clock-oscillator become carry pulses from the first flip-flop and, hence, odd-numbered input pulses to the second flip-liep appear as non-carry pulse outputs of the second Hip-flop, while the even-num- .bered input pulsesto the second iiip-iiop become carrypulse outputs of the second Hip-flop. The result is that for the two-stage type of iiip-flop circuit illustrated for frequency divider 92, one out of every four consecutive pulses generated by the clock oscillator becomes a po- 1@ tential command pulse while the remaining three pulses are employed for response and checking purposes.

Referring to FIG. 6, the second frequency divider 94 has a plurality of output lines 172, there being seventeen output lines employed in the illustrated embodiment of the invention herein. Each output line 172 carries a pulse train whose rate is less than that generated by the clock oscillator 91E by a definite ratio. All of the ratios of the output lines 172 in the illustrated embodiment of the invention are integral powers of two.

The frequency divider 94 includes a series of iiip-iiop electronic devices 174 for alternately sending one pulse along its respective output line 172 and the next succeeding pulse along a line 176 to the next succeeding liip-iiop device. This last iiip-iiop device divides the pulses thus received and sends every alternate pulse along its output line 172 and the remaining pulses along line 176 to the next succeeding fiip-fiop. This division by two occurs throughout the remaining tiip-iiop devices in the frequency divider 94, the result being that half of the pulses furnished each iiip-op device 174 are sent out over the output lines 172 and the other half are transmitted to the next successive iiip-fiop device in the divider circuit.

FIG: 9 graphically illustrates the operation of frequency divider- 94 where, for the sake of simplicity, only four stages are shown. For both modes of machine operation (manual or automatic) ten to seventeen of the iiip-ilops are used. The first stage will divide the inputpulse-repetition frequency by two, the second stage by four, the third stage by eight, et cetera. The non-carry pulses from each stage are sent over its output line 172 to gating circuits and the remaining carry pulses are sent to the next stage.

1f, for example, the clock cycle of the pulses delivered to the seventeen stage divider 94 consists of 131,072 pulses, these pulses will be distributed through the output lines 172 in a progressive ratio from one end to the other end of the stage of flip-Hops. As previously mentioned, the division ratio of the pulses over the output lines are of integral powers of two, as shown in the following table:

Pulsesper Output lines 172: cycle The last iiip-ilop stage in the frequency divider 94 receives two successive pulses, the iirst pulse of which is sent along its output line 172 and the second or last distributed pulse of a given cycle is sent out over channel 116. As previously described this last distributed pulse signies the end of each clock cycle and is employed for controlling the tape reading mechanism for causing it to advance the tape for reading the next successive block of information thereon.

Each of the output lines 172, there being seventeen such lines in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, is divided into as many branches as there are axes under control. In this instance each output line is divided into three branches 178, and 182, corresponding to the X, Y and Z axes of the machine. VEach branch line is connected to the input of a gate circuit indicated respectively at 184, 186 and 188. The gate circuits for each axis are under the control of a separate modulator indicated schematically in dotted outline. The output lines from the gate circuits for each axis lead to a common pulse delivery line. The pulse -delivery line for the X axis has already been identified as 128. The pulse delivery line for the Y and Z axes are indicated respectively at 190 and 192. It is evident that by opening the appropriate combination of gates 184, 186 or 188, the pulse frequency to each axis control mechanism may be made any desired fraction of the frequency of the pulse generated by the clockoscillator 9d.

The various gate circuits 184, 186 and 1&8 may be set either in accordance with instructions on punched paper tape, and the. like for completely automatic operation of the machine or may be manually set in accordance with the positions of a bank of toggle switches such as indicated at 62 on the front panel of section 6) of the director 12. The tape and the tape-reading mechanism serve the function of feeding into the system the signals required to set the gate circuits. Each time the frequency divider 94 completes a clock cycle, a new set of data is read into the gate circuits. To vary the period of time of the clock cycles, such as when shorter command numbers are set into the system, the number of stages in the clock divider may be altered to any number less than the total number of ilip-llop output lines 172 at the start of each cycle. Associated circuits and component elements will provide for proper sequency, continuous operation of the machine from intermittently read tape, and the checking of the instructions as they are transferred from the tape into storage relays which are employed to set the gate circuits as hereinafter described.

The tape is read line by line and a stepping switch distributes the tape data to a selected storage relay register in the data distribution unit 122 which, in turn, sets the gate circuits 184, 186 and 188 in the frequency divider 94. As will be described hereinafter, it is preferred to provide two storage relay registers in the system. While 4one register is being set by the tape reader, the other is holding the gate circuits in the frequency divider `9d. The two storage registers are arranged to function alternately between successive clock cycles.

There has been described in FIG. 6 the general operation of the clock system and its control by data supplied either manually or automatically. It is evident that a series of pulses which may be equally spaced in time are Igenerated by such means as the clock oscillator 90 andV these pulses are divided into a series of circuits each successively carrying a lesser number of pulses by integral power of two. Every alternate pulse, such as the odd-numbered pulses, are fed to the gate -circuits 184, 186 and 188 illustrated in FIG. 6 which are either opened or closed depending upon the instructions manually or automatically fed thereto. The gate circuits are opened or closed by the binary coded instructions furnished on the tape or on the manual switches. The output received by the common transmitting lines 12S, 190 or 192 from the gate circuits is the total number of pulses passing through the closed gate circuits and represents the increment of distance which is desired to move one or more parts of the machine controlled by the circuit.

Automatic data supply system As illustrative of a desirable mechanical and electrical system for sensing the recorded information stored on tape or like material and for transmitting such information in two sets of storage registers for each axis of the machine, there is shown in FIG. 7, a schematic arrangement of the -parts of the automatic data supply system. The tape reading mechanism and the tape data distributor for routing the tape read signals may be of conventional design satisfactory for use in the control system.

Referring particularly to FIG. 7, the information storing medium herein illustrated comprises a punched tape 200 containing longitudinally spaced apart series of lines of punched holes 202 extending transversely across the tape. The tape may be a long strip of paper fed from a roll of tape and wound up on a second roll as it is used. The punched lines on the tape may be considered as subdivided into regions or blocks of holes each representative of an instruction to one or more of the controlled parts of the machine. The tape has the function of storing the computed orders until they are needed 'by the machine tool.

The tape 200 is longitudinally advanced by means of a sprocket wheel 20'4, the teeth thereof being arranged to engage in a series of small holes 205 disposed near the longitudinal medial line of the tape. As hereinafter described, the tape is intermittently advanced bythe sprocket wheel when control pulses are received indicating completion of one cycle of operation. The tape reader 46 contains a plurality of sensing pins 206 arranged in a row transversely of the tape and corresponding in number to the maximum number of holes possible in each transverse series of holes. Each -pin 206 is spring urged against the tape and whenever one of the pins encounters a punched hole in the tape, it will be projected therethrough as shown for example by the left-most pin in FIG. 7.

Operatively associated with each pin is an electrical switch which is closed when the pin projects through the tape but otherwise remains open in any other position of the pin. Each switch may comprise a pair of ilexible contact members 208 and 210 disposed in super-imposed relationship to one another. One of the contact members, such as the lower member 210, is longer than the other member and extends in engagement with the sensing pin with which it is associated. When the pin projects through a hole in the tape it moves the contact member 210 into engagement with its companion contact member 208 to close a circuit. Any suitable means is provided for supporting the contact members such as the insulating block 212 which as shown may be located under the tape in transverse relation thereto.

Each switch represented by a pair of contact members 208 and 210 is connected by a separate line such as that indicated at 214 to a read selector unit 216 where each line is divided into two branches 218 and 2120. The branch lines 218 for all the switches lead to onerdata distributor in the lform lof a stepping swi-tch 222 and the other branch lines 220 lead to a second similar stepping switch 224. The stepping switches are of conventional construction and separately distribute the data through conduits 226 and 228containing a multiplicity of electric wires leading to an information storage unit generally indicated at 230.

Theinformation storage unit 230 contains as many command-data converters as there are axes on the machine tool under control. In the illustrated embodiment of the invention, three such converters are employed, one for each X, Y and Z axis of the machine tool exemplied herein. Each of the three data converters consist of two sets of digit relay storage registers designated the A and B registers. The two sets of registers associated with each data converter function alternately, one controlling the machine while the other is being set -to the proper value of one of the data distributors 222 or 224 and the tape reader 46 during each clock cycle.

In the example of the invention described herein, each relay register A or B comprises eighteen digit storages relays. The first digit of each command number furnished to the register by either stepping switch represents the direction of the motion of the machine part to be controlled and the remaining seventeen digits of the command number represents, in binary form, the number of control register pulses to be transmitted for controlling an axis of the machine tool. Each digit of each command number is stored by one relay of the register. A one" of the binary number is represented by an energized relay; a zero of the binary number is represented by a de-energized relay. Each set of relays in each data converter is cleared, set, and checked by one or the other stepping switches 222 or 224 and the tape reader 46 on alternate clock cycles. #As previously described, the data converter for each axis of the machine tool is provided with two sets or banks of relay storage registers A or 13. For example, the X axis is provided with A and B registers indicated respectively at 232 and 234 in the storage unit 230 of FIG. 7. Similary, the Y axis is provided with A and B registers 236 and 233 respectively, and the Z axis is provided with A and B registers 240 and 242 respectively. f Y

The circuits leading through conduit 226 and 228 from the stepping switches 222 and 224 are properly distributed to the banks of relay registers as shown schematically in FIG. 7. Those circuits leading from stepping switch 222 are connected to the A registers of the X, Y and Z axes, and the circuits leading from the steppingswitch 224v are connected to the B registers of each of the axes. Only one bank of registers A or B of one or more axes is set by the tape reader for each information block on the tape. While the` selected banks of registers are being set by the tape reader,- the remaining register banks are functioning to hold the gate circuits of the frequency divider 94 as provided by the previous transverse line of holes in the tape. The registers A and B of the data converters alternately function between successiveclock cyclesand control means is provided as hereinafter described for alternately switching from the A register to the B register and back to the A register as the tape is read block by block.

As described in connection with FlG. 6, seventeen re lays of the registers A and B of each axis control the ygate circuits 184, 186 and 188 ofthe frequency divider 94 either opening or closing the same. Each gate circuit is open when its associated relay in the register is energized and closed when the relay is de-energized. The one remaining relay in each bank of registers is employed to control the direction of movement of the machine part or parts and determines whether such part should move in a plus or minus direction. Y

Mountedon the storage information unit 230 are three register selector units indicated at 244, 246 and 248 which are operatively associated with the X, Y or Z axes respectively of the machine. Depending upon which registers A or B are in operation at the particular time, each selector unit receives information from the registers and delivers the same to the pulse-code-to-analog servo mechanism associated with the particular axis in question. Also located in the arrangement shown in FIG. 7 is a data supply control unit 250 which functions over channel 252 for signalling which of the register selector units 244, 246 and 248 is to operate in a particular cycle of opera tion.

The data supply control unit 250 is electrically associated with the tape reader and by line 254 receives the reader response signals to the tape reader. The end carry pulse channel ltl described in connection with FIGS. 4 and 6 is connected to the control unit 250 for indicating the completion of a clock cycle. When the last pulse of a cycle is received by the control unit it informs the tape reader that an advance should be made to the tape to bring the next block of punched holes thereon into align* ment with the sensing pins 206. The data supply control unit 250 is also electrically connected to the read selector unit 216 by channel 256 which then branches and is separately connected to the two stepping switches 222 and 224. This'line serves to convey signals to the stepping switches to advance them for the next line on the punched tape.`

It is apparent from the previous description and particularly concerning FIGS..4, and 6, that there are two basic means of feed rate adjustment. One of these means is the clock oscillator 90 which controls the maximum feed rate instruction which may be applied to any axis of `'the machine. The frequency of this clock oscillator is adjustable and this adjustment may be used to scale up or down within limits the feed rates to all three axis simultaneously without affecting the coordination between the three feed mechanisms of the machine tool. The other basic means of feed rate control are the manual and automatic data supply systems 48 and 44. The adjustments provided by either of these two data supply systems may be considered to be ratios. Each ratio means that the speed of one motion is a fraction of the maximum speed determined by the clock oscillator frequency. By multiplying each feed-rate instruction by the same constant factor, the feed-rate is changed without affecting the coordination between the three feed mechanisms of the machine tool. The altering of the feed rate instruction is always performed before setting the instructions into the machine (for manual operation) or before coding the tape or other form of information storage media (for automatic operation).

The three pulse-code-to-analog servo-mechanisms 50, 52 and 54 receive command pulses from either the A or B registers of the data converters. The received information specifies the desired motion of each machine feed and lirst appears as a time series of electrical pulses. Each pulse in the series represents an instruction to each servo-mechanism to move a unit of distance (an equivalent, for example, of 0.0005 of machine feed). As hereinafter described, two electrical conduits or bus wires carry these pulses to each servo-mechanism. Pulses on one bus wire represent motion in the plus direction and pulses on the other bus wire represent motion in the negative direction. The Series of pulses are converted to an equivalent mechanical shaft angie to drive the synchro transmitters of the servo-mechanisms 59, 52 and 54. The means of conversion is to generate pulse information in accordance with the actual shaft angle and to compare it with pulse information representing the desired shaft angle. The difference or error between `the actual and desired quantities is used to correct the actual angle so that the difference approaches zero under all conditions of position, velocity, and acceleration. This difference appears in the present embodiment of the invention as a voltage which is amplified and converted as hereinafter described to vary the speed of the machine-feed servomotors 23, 30 and 32.

lt is apparent that by using the different supply systems, whether manual or automatic, the operator can cause the machine to traverse in a straight line within the physical limits of machine travel with a single setting of the different converters. Bach of the three command numbers on the coded tape represents position increments in one axis necessary to move the controlled part of the machine from its present position to a new position. During the clock cycle in which these numbers are obtained, the machine will automatically divide the total increment in each axis into unit pulse lengths and distribute these in time in a standard predetermined manner. The result will be a close approximation to a straight line in space passing from the initial position to the final position. If a curved machine trajectory is desired it is necessary to divide it, a priori, into straight segments and traverse each straight segment in the manner hereinbefore described.

Information Storing medium The information storing medium selected for the illustrated embodiment of the invention is punched tape. It is understood that other suitable means, such as magnetic tape, photographic film, et cetera, may be substituted for the selected medium. The coded information on the punched paper tape 200 or other form of instruction storing medium has the control data therein spatially arranged both longitudinally and laterally of the tape. A typical punched tape capable of use in the present invention and similar to that shown in FIG. 7

is illustrated and identified by the same reference character in FIG. 1l. The feed or sprocket holes 205 extend approximately down the middle of the tape. The balance of the paper strip contains the control or digit holes 204 through which the sensing pins 106 project. One transverse line of digit holes may consist of a series from zero to seven holes. Ten such transverse lines of holes may occupy one running inch of the tape. In each transverse series of holes, a digit hole represents a binary one while the absence of a hole in the series represents a binary zero. In order to check against faulty tapeand faulty operation in `the tape reader and relay circuits, the pattern of holes punched in the tape not only include the machine orders but also checking orders. In the tape illustrated in FIG. 11, the machine orders are written in three adjacent columns along one side of the sprocket holes 205 and the checking orders are written in four adjacent columns along the opposite side of the sprocket holes. Thus, in the illustrated type of tape the maximum number of holes, exclusive of the sprocket holes, that may appear in each transverse series of holes, is seven.

Y The machine orders for the different axes of the machine tool are preferably arranged in adjacent columns extending longitudinally of the tape or other coded media. Thus the X axis orders may appear in column 1, the Y axis orders in column 11, and the Z axis orders in column lll. The columns on the opposite side ofthe sprocket holes are available for use in checking columns 1, l1 and 111. Thus, each transverse line of holes on the tape may hold one digit of each axis command number and a four digit checking number to insure against erroneous readings of any of the seven digits.

The tape is divided longitudinally into regions or blocks of varying lengths depending on the cycle time. Each block may consist of from twelve to nineteen transverse lines of holes 204 on the tape. One of the transverse lines of holes in each block, preferably the first line, may contain such overall machine orders as the clock-cycle time orders, etcetera. The second line may contain the directional sense digits together with their checking number for indicating the direction of movement (whether positive or negative) of the machine part to be controlled. The third and succeeding lines carry the command numbers for indicating the extent of movements of the machine parts along their respective axes.

ln the illustrated embodiment of the invention there are seven outgoing lines l214 leading from the tape reader to the read selector unit 216. Three of these seven lines are used to send signals alternately through one or the other of the two stepping switches, which signals correspond to thesignicant digits on the tape. The remaining outgoing lines are employed for checking purposes as more particularly described hereinafter for checking the operation of the registers in the data converter units. In addition, a reading cycle is initiated by a signal over channel 254 extending between the data supply control and the tape reader. This read signal is activated by the end carry pulse sent out over channel 116 from the second `frequency divider 94 and causes the engagement of an appropriate driving clutch in the reader for advancing the tape. The read signal remains on during the reading of a block of information on the tape causing the tape to tbe advanced line by line until the read :signal is removed at the end of an information block. As each transverse line of punched holes is read by the tape reader it sends a pulse on channel 252 to the data supply control unit which in turn directs the appropriate stepping switch to advance yone step. Although the tape reader may operate at different speeds, it 'is designed in the present ern- Abodiment of the invention that the tape reader reads at approximately twelve lines per second. In the shortest two-cycle time, this speed is ample to read nineteen lines of tape that may constitute the longest block of information. v

The data distribution system 122 is controlled by transfer pulses from the control circuits of the central control panel V74 and by pulses from the tape reader. Each operating cycle is initiated by a transfer pulse received from the control circuits of the panel, which in turn is initiated by the end carry pulse sent over channels 116 from the second frequency divider 9,4. Each transfer pulse causes the control system to shift from A data converter register tothe B register, or vice versa, clears the register just released, and starts the tape reader. The stepping switches 222 and 224 constitute parts of theA data distributing system shown in FIG. 4. The tape reader digit and checking signals pass through the stepping switches which in turn are driven by the line-by-line tape reader pulses. The result is that each stepping switch advances one step for each line on the tape, thereby distributing the digit and checking pulses to the proper relays. It is desired to have the first line of data in an information block on `the tape set a group of relays which determine the block length. When the selected stepping switch reaches the point corresponding to the last line of data in the block, the read signal is interrupted, the reader stops and the stepping switch is reset to zero. 'A push button 258 or other form of control may be provided on the panel 73 for manually clearing the stepping switches and register converters if necessary.

It is evident, as previously pointed out in connection with FIG. 8, that it is desirable t-o employ at least three possible response or position-indicating pulses on line for every possible command pulse delivered to the second frequency divider 94. Moreover, it is also evident that for ythe type of circuit illustrated herein for comparing the command `and response pulses, specifically the summing register 140, the response pulses should not be coincident in time with the command pulses. This condition is attained in a satisfactory manner by dividing a stream of pulses issuing from a single source, although it is obvious that separate sources of pulses not coincident in time may be used in lieu lof the single source.

Whatever maximum feed rates are selected for the controlled parts of the machine, it is evident that since the first frequency divider 92 divides the clock frequency by four and supplies 'only one potential command pulse for every three response or synchronizing pulses, the clock frequency should be set suiiicient to achieve the maximum feed rates. If in the illustrated embodiment of the invention, the maximum speed of -the machine is approximately fifteen inches per minute, this will require a nominal maximum of 512 pulses per second for Vthe input of the second frequency divider 94. Accordingly, the clock frequency should be set for at least 2048 pulses per second to provide both the potential command and potential response pulses. If additional response or synchronizing pulses are desired, a third flip-flop may be added to the frequency divider 92 and be triggered by the carry pulses from `the second iiip-liop 167. This will provideseven synchronizing pulses for every possible command pulse. In such cases when three flip-flops are employed in the first frequency divider, the nominal clock frequency should be 4096 pulses per seco-nd.

The duration of the clock cycle may be adjusted to the length of cut or other straight line movement desired in one machine cycle. If the maximum speed of the machine should be approximately fifteen inches per minute, the machine part under control will take approximately 3.2 minutes to travel a length of 48 inches. At the minimum clock cycle of two seconds, this operation will re' quire 96 cycles, with a ten digit command number for each cycle. This arrangement is undesirable when the machine part under control moves in a straight line, such as making a straight long cut. It would require a large amount of punched tape instruction to perform a single operation. This difliculty is overcome by providing a choice of a plurality of fixed clock cycles. These may range from 2 seconds to 256 seconds in duration at the nominal clock oscillator rate. Thus, the control system may operate with a cycle time long enough to do one straight line cut of lengths up to 64 inches and from a single block of data on the tape. For shorter cuts, it may operate with a selected cycle time so that the cut need not consume 256 seconds per cut. ln addition, in manual control the operator may set the cycle time to innity so that the pulse distributor will run continuously. 1n the latter setting, the manual data converters provide a wide choice of feed-rates without the provision for automatically stopping at a predetermined point.

The clock cycle control 98 routes the potential command pulses arriving at frequency divider 94 to any one of the first eight stages thereof. For the infinity setting, the clock cycle control causes the pulses to enter the eighth stage. 1f the clock cycle is set for 32 seconds, it directs the pulses into the fourth stage. If the clock cycle control is set for 2 seconds, the pulses enter the eighth stage. The block length on the tape is determined by the cycle time.' The clock cycle time order may be placed across the tape in one line at the beginning of each block. This may be followed by the directional command to each machine part whether in a positive or negative direction. Each block of information on the tape may therefore consist of from twelve to nineteen lines of tape, depending on the cycle time. The following table illustrates the relation between cycle time, the stages of frequency divider 94 and the block lengths on the tape:

Entering Cycle stage of of time Time sec. tre- Block length Order quency on tape divider 2 seconds 8 12 lines 000 4 seconds 7 13 lines 001 8 seconds 6 14 lines.. 010 16 seconds 5 15 lines 011 32 seconds 4 16 lines 100 64 seconds 3 17 lines.. 101 128 seeonds 2 18 lines 110 256 seconds- 1 19 lines 111 The clock cycle may be manually or automatically controlled. For manual control a rotary switch operated by a knurled wheel may be provided. The switch will shift pulses ycoming from the start-stop circuit 96 to any one of thefirst eight stages of the second frequency divider. For automatic control, two sets of three relays may be provided whose contacts perform the same function as the manual rotary switch. Oneset of relays is used with the A register of the data converters, the other is used with the B register. The relays are controlled by the cycle time provided in the tape as indicated in the right column of the immediately preceding table. The relays shift the contacts to the selected stage of the second frequency divide-r.; This isshown schematically in FIG. 6 by the full and dotted outline positions o f channel 114 over which the potential command pulses are fed.

Control and checking circuits I Operational checking is provided in the control system in order to detect the presence of malfunction and to halt the work being performed in such a manner as to prevent damage to the workpiece. There has been some reference hereinabove to checking circuits, such as the excessive error arising out of the summingy register 140 and the checking circuits provided in the position-code converter 152. An important checking circuit in the system is the schematic illustration in FIG. 10 for checking the two frequency dividers 92 and 94.

The divider checking circuit of FIG. 10 provides an alarm signal when frequency divider 94 or the second stage of frequency divider 92 fails. When the machine is operating, the start-stop circuit 96 passes the carry'- pulses of the second stage of the first frequency divider 92 through the clock cycle control to the input of the second frequency divider 94. With reference to FIG. 9, it is seen that in a chain of flip-flops connected as a binary frequency divider, for every non-carry pulse from the first stage, there is a non-carry'pulse from one of the other flip-flops or a carry pulse from the last stage of the divider. Assuming no delay in the operation of the divider, these pulses are spaced apart by the pulse period of the check oscillator. The operation of the divider check circuit 10i) makes use of the fact that when all of the flip-flops of the two frequency dividers are operating properly, for every non-carry pulse from the first stage of the first frequency divider there must be a non-carry pulse from the second stage thereof, a non-carry pulse from one of the flip-flops in the second frequency divider, or a` carry pulse from the last stage of the second frequency divider. When this condition does not hold, the divider checking circuit provides an alarm signal.

Referring to FIG. 10, input line 440 to the divider checking circuit receives non-carry pulses from the second stage of the first frequency divider, non-carry pulses from all stages of the second frequency divider, and carry pulses from the last stage of the second frequency divider. The pulses thus received by line 440 form input 1. Input line 442 receives the non-carry pulses from the first stage of the first frequency divider 92;l These pulses form input 0. If the two frequency dividers 92 and 94 operate properly, the pulses arriving on lines 440` and 442 will alternatel in time. A pulse arriving on input 440 will find electronic gate circuit 444 closed and will, after a short delay, set the flip-flop 446 to the l position. This will be followed by a pulse on input 442. This pulse will find gate circuit 448 closed and, after a short delay, will set the flip-flop 446 to "0 state. This sequence will continue to repeat so long as the frequency dividers are operating properly.

If, however, a pulse on either input 440 or 442 is missing, the next pulse on the other input will find an open gate circuit `and will send out an alarm over channel 450 to the panel 74 and also `an alarm disabling signal over channel to the start-stop circuit 96. Gate circuit 452 is provided to prevent an alarm indication when the machine is stopped. When the machine is stopped frequency divider 94is inoperative. Without gate circuit 452, the divider checking circuit would give an alarm indication. By connecting gate circuit 452 to the flip-flop of the startstop circuit by channel 120, an alarm indication is inhibited during the period when the machine is stopped.

The divider checking circuit consists of a standard flipflop 446, three gate circuits 333, 338 and 452, and two delays circuits identified at 454 and 456. The delay circuits may provide a delay between 15 and 25 microseconds and will be either monostable multivibrators or phant'astron delay ciiicuits.

The control panel '74 includes a component referred to as a control circuit unit 460 which is connected by various channels to the separate components of the system as illustrated in FIG. 4. The primary function of the control circuit unit 460 is to stop the transmission of data to the servo-mechanisms with a minimum loss of information in the event of a malfunction alarm or stop signal from anywhere in the system. The secondary functions of the control circuit unit 460 are to identify the sources of malfunction alarms, restart the data transmission after a malfunction has been cleared, synchronize the tape feed with the machine operation so that new data are available as needed, and perform the necessary electrical switching in order that the controlled machine will run on manual or automatic data as desired.

To provide manual supervision of the control system in general, the control circuit unit is provided with the start and stop control handle 58 previously described in connection with FIG. l to initiate the operation of the :director or to stop the same. In lieu of a single handle the director so that the machine will run on manually introduced data and the other for switchingthe director for automatically fed data such as the punched tape.

The control circuit unit 460 also includes a set' of pilot lights to signal the origin of any malfunction alarm, audible annunciators to signal certain 'selected malfunctions, and a manually actuated element in the form of a button to clear all alarm signals. The proper operation of the command-data circuits, whether in the manual or automatic data supply systems 48 and 4'4`, depends upon the proper sequence of events in frequency` divider 94 over one` complete clock cycle. If a malfunction occurs in some part of the machine other than the frequency divider 94, it is desirable in manyL situations of malfunctioning to hold the divider in its present state until the malfunction is cleared, then proceed from the point at which the system stopped.. In order to avoid loss of information during the period the director is stopped while any malfunction is being investigated and corrected, it is expedient to synchronize. any stop signals with the time intervals between command or control-:register pulses; For these reasons itis highly desirable toV use the synchronizing pulses separated' by the first frequency divider i92 in` the clock system as the pulses for ther stop and start signals. These synchronizing pulses. are sent over channel`80 as previously described and never coincide in time with the potential command pulses transmitted to frequency divider 94. The portions of the circuits in the control unit 460 which govern the start-stop circuit 96 utilize these synchronizing pulses and for the transmisysion of the pulses to the control unit a branch channel 464 connected to channel 80 is provided;

The start-stop circuit portion of the central control `unit 460 is connected by separate alarm channels to several different components of the system for checking this operation and for indicating to the operator any malfunction thereof. Channels 466, 468' and 470, respectively, connect the control circuit' unitv with the divider checking circuit 100' in theclock system, the registers A and B in the command data converter unit 124, and the data distributor unit 122. The control circuit unit 460 is also connected by alarm channels to the pulsecode-to-analog servo-mechanisms and"l the servomotors associatedv therewith as generally explained in connection with FIG'. 5.y For this purpose, the channel 82 is provided for containing a multiplicity of alarm and checking circuits running to the servo-mechanisms and servomotors. The start-stop portion of the circuit control unit 460 containsV a series of` relays and:y gas tubes which, in response to any alarm signals over these checking channels, are arranged to pass the next synchronizing pulse as a stop signal to the start-stop circuit 96 in the clock system over channel 110. The relays and gas tube circuits associated with the various checking signals are designed to lock up and to operate a series of pilot lights to identify the source of alarm. The alarm circuits which signal malfunctions that inherently interferey with the ability of the machine to stop without damaging the work also initiate a retract signal over the channel 88 previously described in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5. The retract signal is` transmitted over channel 88 to the servo-mechanism controlling the Y axis of the machine and overrides any existing command in the system and .causes the tool 26 to rise clear of the work at its maximum rate. Certain of the alarm signals may also operate one or more annunciators.` The control circuit unit may be so designed to require the operator, after any alarm signal, to push an alarm clear button 472 in order to release the relays and reset the gas tube circuits before operating the control 58 to start position. The circuit control unit may be also designed to require the operator to rezero the machine following the retraction of the tool by a signal over channel 88.

The manual automatic selector 462 of the control circuit unit 460 also Vincludes a transfer switch for routing the end 'carry or transfer pulse carried over channelA 474 from frequency divider 94 either to the stop inside of the start-stop circuit 90 over channel 476 in the manual operation of the sy-stem or over channel 478 to the data dis tributor 122' in the automatic operation of the system. In manual operation, the transfer pulse delivered to the start-stop circuit 96 functions to stop the flow of pulses through channel 114 to the frequency divider 94 after the completion of the command signal placed into the system by the switches 62, and continues to withhold the delivery of the pulses until the next manual command is set by the switches 62. VIn' automatic operation, the transfer pulse delivered to the data distributor signifies the completion of a clock cycle and as previously described' is utilized to switch from one bank of relay storage registers, such as A, to the other bank of relay storage registers, suchas BL The operation of the transfer switch is synchronized byA the transfer pulses so that regardlessy of when the transfer switch is operated, the machine completes its present cycle, stops, and; transfers its control from manual to automatic or vice versa in that'order; If the transfer switch of the manual-automatic selector 462' is thrown with the machine stopped, the transfer occurs immediately. lf the transfer switch is thrown to automatic when the machine is on its infinite cycle setting as in manual operation, the machine should be stopped manually or by a limit stop in order to complete its transfer.

Havingthus described the invention, we claim:

1. In a cont-rol system, a sequential series of pulse scaling elements having a common input and an output associated with each of said scaling elements to provide a plurality of pulse trains of successively decreasing frequency at each said output in inverse proportion to the number of pulse scaling elements interposedbetween said input and an output, at least two series of output pulse train switch means each having a common output, with each switch means of said series having its input connected to oneonly of said scalingV element outputs, and means for selectively operating each of said series of output pulse `train switch means to maintain each of said switch means thereofl in a preselected condition providing substantially simultaneously and independently from each of the outputs of'said series of -switch means a series of pulses decreasedin frequency relatively to the input pulses fed to said series of pulse scalingy elements by a ratio established bythe condition of said switch means of each of said series thereof.

2. In a` control system, a sequential series of pulse scaling elements-having a commoninput and an output associated with each of saidY scaling elements toprovide a plurality of pulse trains. of successively decreasing frequency atleach said output in inverse proportion to the number of pulse'escaling elements interposed between said input and an output,input switch means for controllingl the number of pulses fed to said seriesv of pulse scaling elements to establish a predetermined number of input pulses, at least twoy series of output pulse train switch' means each having a' common output, with each switch means of said series having its input connected to one only of said scaling elements, and controlk means for selectively operating each of said' series of output pulse train' switch means to maintain each of said switch means thereof in a pre-selected condition, providing substantially simultaneously and independently from each of the outputs of said series of switch means a series of pulses decreased in number relatively to the predetermined number of input pulses to said series of pulse scaling elements by a ratio established by the condition of said switch means of each of said series thereof.

3. In a control system as claimed in claim 2 wherein said input switch means is connected to an output of said series of output pulse train pulse scaling elements for actuation of said input switch means to establish said predetermined number of pulses.

4. In a control system as claimed in claim 2 further having pulse rate input means for providing input pulses at at least two different frequencies to said series of pulse `scaling elements, and frequency selecting switch means for changing the input rate of said pulses.

5. In a control system, a sequential series of pulse scaling elements having a common input and an output associated with each of said scaling elements to provide a plurality of pulse trains of successively decreasing frequency at each said output in inverse proportion to the number 0f pulse scaling elements interposed between said input and an output, pulse generator means for supplying pulses to said pulse scaling elements, input -switch means connected to an output of said series of scaling elements for controlling the number of pulses fed to said series of pulses scaling elements to establish a predetermined number of input pulses, at least two series of output pulse train switch means each having a common output, with each switch means of said series connected to one only of said scaling elements, and control means for selectively operating each of said series of switch means to maintain each of said switch means thereof in a preselected condition, adder means for each of said series of switch means for adding pulse trains selected by said switch means of said series, providing substantially simultaneously and independently from each of the outputs of said series of switch means a series of pulses decreased in number relatively to the predetermined number of input pulses to said series of pulse scaling elements by a ratio established by the condition of said switch means of each of said series thereof.

No references cited.

NEIL C. READ, Primary Examiner. 

1. IN A CONTROL SYSTEM, A SEQUENTIAL SERIES OF PULSE SCALING ELEMENTS HAVING A COMMON INPUT AND AN OUTPUT ASSOCIATED WITH EACH OF SAID SCALING ELEMENTS TO PROVIDE A PLURALITY OF PULSE TRAINS OF SUCCESSIVELY DECREASING FREQUENCY AT EACH SAID OUTPUT IN INVERSE PROPORTION TO THE NUMBER OF PULSE SCALING ELEMENTS INTERPOSED BETWEEN SAID INPUT AND AN OUTPUT, AT LEAST TWO SERIES OF OUTPUT PULSE TRAIN SWITCH MEANS EACH HAVING A COMMON OUTPUT, WITH EACH SWITCH MEANS OF SAID SERIES HAVING ITS INPUT CONNECTED TO ONE ONLY OF SAID SCALING ELEMENT OUTPUTS, AND MEANS FOR SELECTIVELY OPERATING EACH OF SAID SERIES OF OUTPUT PULSE TRAIN SWITCH MEANS TO MAINTAIN EACH OF SAID SWITCH MEANS THEREOF IN A PRESELECTED CONDITION PROVIDING SUBSTANTIALLY SIMULTANEOUSLY AND INDEPENDENTLY FROM EACH OF THE OUTPUTS OF SAID SERIES OF SWITCH MEANS A SERIES OF PULSES DECREASED IN FREQUENCY RELATIVELY TO THE INPUT PULSES FED TO SAID SERIES OF PULSE SCALING ELEMENTS BY A RATIO ESTABLISHED BY THE CONDITION OF SAID SWITCH MEANS OF EACH OF SAID SERIES THEREOF. 